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عنوان فارسی:
شیوع انگل ها در گله های طیور آلاباما با تاکید ویژه بر Eimeria maxima
عنوان انگلیسی:
Prevalence of Parasites in Alabama Poultry Flocks with Special Emphasis on Eimeria maxima
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a disease caused by Eimeria spp. and it is the most prevalent and economically important disease in poultry. Due to its economic importance, the control of coccidiosis is critical. Other parasites can cause disease in chickens but are not as relevant as coccidiosis. Some of these parasites are known zoonoses and can cause disease in humans. It is thought that keeping chickens as backyard pets has become increasingly popular in the United States. Biosecurity is generally low in backyard flocks. As a consequence, they can serve as reservoirs for various pathogens that pose a risk for commercial poultry or human health. For the first part of the thesis, eighty-four fecal samples from 64 backyard chicken flocks throughout the state of Alabama were collected in the summer of 2017 and 2018. Coccidia oocysts were seen in 64.1% of flocks with oocyst counts in most samples below 10,000 oocysts per gram. Eggs of Ascaridia spp. or Heterakis gallinarum were seen in 20.3% of the flocks, and eggs of Capillaria spp. in 26.6% of the flocks. Egg counts were low, rarely exceeding 1,000 eggs per gram. DNA extracted directly from fecal samples was investigated by PCR for other relevant parasites. The results showed that 4.7% of flocks were positive for Histomonas meleagridis, 18.8% of flocks for Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, 18.8% of flocks for Cryptosporidium spp. and 87.5% of flocks for Blastocystis spp..These results will help to provide information that can be used to design outreach programs to improve health and wellbeing of birds in backyard flocks. The aim of the second part of the thesis was to develop a MLST scheme for E. maxima and to compare strains from different farms. Eimeria maxima is a parasite of chickens that can cause coccidiosis and predispose its host to secondary infections. Typing E. maxima is important as some strains have been shown to provide cross protection to one another and have been linked to low performance in broilers. E. maxima isolates have been typed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region or sequencing the partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is a nucleotide sequence typing system that reflects the population and evolutionary biology of bacterial pathogens, but MLST schemes have also been developed for some eukaryotes. Fecal and litter samples were collected from commercial broiler flocks in Alabama and Tennessee and three fecal samples from backyard flocks were included in the study. Oocysts were isolated from the feces and tested by PCR for E. maxima. Nineteen samples were found positive for E. maxima. Six gene loci that had been identified based on MLST schemes of several different parasites were amplified for these samples and sequenced. Sequences were compared to the reference genome in GenBank. There was more than one allele in all six genes. In three of the genes, insertions and deletions were detected. Mutations were present in coding as well as in non-coding sequences in all genes except one. MLST was able to distinguish two commercially available vaccines and showed that most of the field isolates were not identical to these two vaccines. Backyard strains had different allele variants from vaccine and commercial strains of E. maxima. The results show that MLST is a potential tool for epidemiologic investigation of E. maxima. The information gained from epidemiological investigations using the method will be useful in the development and evaluation of vaccine programs.
عنوان فارسی:
اثربخشی ترکیبات طبیعی با سیستم های حامل جدید برای کنترل کمپیلوباکتر ژژونی در طیور پس از برداشت
عنوان انگلیسی:
Efficacy of Natural Compounds with Novel Carrier Systems for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni in Post-harvest Poultry
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, is strongly associated with the consumption and/or mishandling of raw contaminated poultry products. Thus, interventions aiming to reduce C. jejuni counts on poultry products could greatly reduce the incidence of human campylobacteriosis. In the first study, the efficacy of a generally recongnized as safe (GRAS) compound, carvacrol (CR; derived from oregano oil), as an antimicrobial wash treatment to reduce C. jejuni on chicken skin was evaluated. Three delivery systems of CR: suspension, emulsion and nanoemulsion were used. C. jejuni counts were reduced up to 4 log10 cfu/sample by 2% dose of CR suspension at 0 h (P < 0.05). Carvacrol emulsion or nanoemulsion did not show any additional reduction in C. jejuni counts when compared to suspension.
In the second study, the efficacy of gum arabic (GA) or chitosan (CH) coatings fortified with CR to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes was investigated as an additional intervention to increase the antimicrobial activity of CR. Inoculated chicken wingettes (~7.5 log10 cfu of C. jejuni/sample) were randomly assigned to baseline, control (0%), CR (0.25, 0.5 or 1%), GA (10%), CH (2%) or their combinations. After 1 min of coating, wingettes were air dried (1 h) and sampled at days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. All three doses of CR, CH or GA-based coating fortified with CR reduced C. jejuni from day 0 through 7 by up to 3.0 log10 cfu/sample (P < 0.05). Moreover, the antimicrobial efficacy of GA was improved by CR and the coatings reduced C. jejuni by ~1 to 2 log10 cfu/sample at day 7. In addition, CH-CR coatings reduced total aerobic counts on majority of storage time when compared with baseline. No significant difference in the color of chicken wingettes was observed between treatments. Exposure of this pathogen to sublethal concentrations of CR, CH or combination significantly modulated select genes encoding for energy taxis, motility, binding and attachment. The results suggest that GA or CH-based coating with CR could potentially be used as a natural antimicrobial to control C. jejuni in post-harvest poultry products.