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عنوان فارسی:

درک فضای مرزی بین علم و باستان شناسی: pXrf در باستان شناسی تاریخی

عنوان انگلیسی:

Understanding the Liminal Space Between Science and Archaeology: pXrf in Historical Archaeology

Abstract

There exists a shared space where archaeologists use techniques developed by scientists to explore archaeological questions. Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) is one such technique where archaeologists are uncovering appropriate archaeological applications. However, pXRF is currently used mainly by prehistoric archaeologists examining obsidian artifacts and is only used sparingly by historical archaeologists. This thesis sets out to explore the liminal space between science and archaeology through a case study of the use (or lack thereof) of pXRF in historical archaeological contexts. This mixed-methods qualitative study has three parts: (1) an examination of the history of the relationship between archaeology and science, (2) semi-structured interviews with eight historical archaeologists and two representatives of manufacturers experiences with pXRF, and (3) a scoping literature review of published historical archaeological research in the last two decades.

Data suggest that historical archaeologists are negotiating inclusion of their work into the boundary of ‘science’; meaningful, varied, and successful research is currently being conducted, but there are negative feedback loops that prevent wider usage. Although participants spoke with enthusiasm about their own work and future applications of pXRF in historical archaeology, they described barriers with training, lack of published methodologies, and a generally negative climate surrounding historical archaeological applications of pXRF, which is reflected in the lack of peer-reviewed published literature discovered in the scoping review. However, this study suggests that pXRF is useful tool, with limitations, that, with further research, has the ability to be applied appropriately in more historical contexts to answer interesting and novel archaeological questions. However, determining ‘appropriateness’ of various applications depends entirely on (re)negotation of the boundaries between archaeology and science, which is mediated by the complicated historic relationship between the fields.

عنوان فارسی:

مشارکت جامعه در گذشته محلی و تحقیقات باستان شناسی چگونه می تواند سودمند باشد؟ مطالعه موردی در باستان شناسی جامعه از جزیره ساوی، اورگان

عنوان انگلیسی:

How Can Community Engagement in the Local Past and Archaeological Research Be Mutually Beneficial? A Case Study in Community Archaeology from Sauvie Island, Oregon

Abstract

Community archaeology’s broader objectives include increasing public understanding of archaeology and making archaeology more relevant to people’s day to day lives. Fulfilling these goals could be beneficial to the public in terms of their gaining more agency in, and more access to, archaeology; and it could be beneficial to archaeologists in terms of increasing public support for archaeological work. While many community archaeologists report success, few authors critically evaluate the experience and outcomes of community archaeology. As a result, little data-based understanding exists about what is gained through community archaeology. This project explores that question through three primary means: 1) a community archaeology field research project on Sauvie Island in Portland, Oregon, in which I interview public (n=16) and professional (n=6) participants before and after their involvement in fieldwork, 2) interviews with local professional archaeologists (n=15) from various backgrounds, and 3) a broad baseline face-to-face survey of the Portland area public (n=254). The latter two data collection methods provide supporting and comparative information intended to add layers of meaning to the analysis of the Sauvie Island field project participants’ thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to the field project.

My results show that the majority of the non-archaeologist public have positive and often enthusiastic attitudes towards archaeology. These attitudes remain or are reinforced through participation in community archaeology. This trend appears to exist irrespective of partial public understandings of archaeology, wherein many members of the public are aware of real aspects of archaeology, but simultaneously express inaccurate perceptions of the nature of archaeology. Archaeologists demonstrate misunderstandings of the public, particularly in terms of public participation in community archaeology leading to the destruction of sites or the breakdown of scientific rigor. These fears often lack data-based or experiential support, and are less present in archaeologists with more experience working with the public. Generally, archaeologists enjoy interaction with the public in participatory contexts, and see various benefits to public involvement.

My research shows that tying archaeology to present day life, to intimate technical details of the archaeological fieldwork experience, and to engagement with the natural landscape, are crucial aspects of increasing archaeology’s relevance to the public. Despite misunderstandings on both sides, mutually beneficial public/professional involvement in community archaeology is possible.