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عنوان فارسی:
مدیریت و طراحی ذخایر دریایی و سیستم های مبتنی بر حقوق در شیلات در مقیاس کوچک

عنوان انگلیسی:

Management and Design of Marine Reserves and Rights-Based Systems in Small-Scale Fisheries

Abstract
Sustainable management of small-scale fisheries is one of the greatest challenges facing our ocean today. These fisheries have a collectively large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. My dissertation explores different pathways to provide incentives for small-scale fisheries conservation and management. For the first chapter, I explore how we can provide economic incentives for the establishment of marine reserves (areas where no fishing is allowed) in coastal communities. I develop a framework to incorporate both tourism and fisheries benefits in marine reserve design and apply this framework into a bioeconomic model simulation. Results show that accounting for tourism benefits will ultimately motivate greater ocean protection. The findings from this chapter demonstrate that marine reserves are part of the optimal economic solution even in situations with optimal fisheries management and low tourism value relative to fisheries. The extent of optimal protection depends on specific location characteristics, such as tourism potential and other local amenities, and the species recreational divers care about. Additionally, as tourism value increases, optimal reserve area also increases. Finally, I demonstrate how tradeoffs between the two services depend on location attributes and management of the fishery outside marine reserve borders. Understanding when unavoidable tradeoffs will arise helps identify those situations where communities must choose between competing interests. For the second chapter, I explore key design challenges and management incentives of Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (or TURFs) from all over the globe. TURFs establish exclusive fishing zones for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key design challenge is setting the size of TURFs—too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action; too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community’s exclusive access. I found that about one third of the TURFs worldwide are not appropriately designed, thus hindering their potential for success. Results suggest that these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful. For the third chapter, I use a bioeconomic model to investigate whether TURF networks have the potential to address design challenges of single TURFs. I explore the cooperation incentives of TURFs within a network and ask how market-based strategies can improve system-wide outcomes. I found that without a market intervention, TURFs that are competing for the same resource have profit incentives to harvest above optimal levels for the entire system (i.e., non-cooperative behavior). I predict that above a certain species mobility rate, incentives within TURFS will lead to non-cooperative behavior. However, offering a price premium for cooperating TURFs has the potential to provide the incentives needed to achieve full cooperation. The price premium required to achieve optimal economic outcomes will depend on the mobility characteristics of the species being managed, but at maximum is 26% for highly mobile species. Finally, I explore how such market-based initiatives can be implemented and provide some insights on the local conditions that would best support this strategy. Overall, the insights from my dissertation suggest that providing the right incentives is key for sustainably managing small-scale fisheries.

عنوان فارسی:
ادغام استراتژیک ابعاد انسانی در تصمیم گیری حفاظت از دریا

عنوان انگلیسی:

Strategically Integrating Human Dimensions into Marine Conservation Decision Making

Abstract
There is a broad perception that many of the greatest knowledge gaps in marine conservation are in understanding and integrating human dimensions. Marine governance must go beyond the rhetoric that conservation will benefit from including human dimensions, and dig deeper into social science disciplines to find specific tools that may be useful. Bennett et al. (2017) advocate for “fostering knowledge on the scope and contributions of the social sciences to conservation” from the inception of conservation projects, during all stages of planning and implementation and at all scales, and encourage the mainstreaming of social science into conservation. However, the fractured nature of literature pointing to the importance of social science has left many unsure what is really important or what to do. This dissertation seeks to remedy this, first by mainstreaming how to strategically consider social equity, and second by learning from collective action studies.
Social equity is increasingly included in conservation mission statements – either because it is an intrinsic goal or because it is believed to have functional value to help reach other objectives. Until now, social equity has been vaguely defined, and therefore been difficult to include, monitor and evaluate in environmental governance. Chapter 1 presents a theoretical foundation for defining and distinguishing between different types of social equity and considering social equity’s role in conservation outcomes. First, we introduce the equity landscape as a way to describe the distributions of resources and participation rights in a society supported by social norms in a given community. We use case studies to illustrate how environmental management can benefit from considering the equity landscape in both short- and long-term strategy. Through collaborative efforts, we also describe social equity to include several dimensions – including participation (or input to conservation interventions), and spatial, access, and financial outcomes of a conservation intervention (Klein et al. 2015). Chapter 1 motivates collecting empirical evidence of how different types of equity are experienced in a community and their influence on stakeholder behavior.
Therefore, in Chapter 2 we investigate how fishers perceive and experience these different dimensions of equity, and how different dimensions of equity influence fisher compliance with social norms and willingness to punish defectors. Our interdisciplinary approach combines a behavioral experiment and surveys, and informs important decisions on critical design elements, such as should the intervention focus on participation, or outcomes of the intervention, such as access or financial benefits? Should equity objectives be equal or fair? And, how should managers measure these objectives? This research provides important empirical insight on how equity and conservation outcomes are interlinked and how management actions may influence stakeholder cooperation, thus presenting a unique insight into equity that is applicable to a wide range of settings.
Second, this dissertation highlights the potential benefits of integrating collective action literature in fisheries management. Most problems in fisheries management are rooted in some sort of tragedy of the commons. Understanding the conditions under which cooperation can emerge and how to create policies around those conditions is extremely important for successful fisheries governance. The collective action literature contains a wealth of knowledge on how diverse types of societies can solve cooperation problems and real-world management questions.
Chapter 3 investigates two such applied questions: Do self-assembled or randomly assigned groups cooperate better? And, if there are costs to random assignment, what strategies might help offset some of these costs? We show that self-assembly and the ability to communicate face-to-face both increase compliance with rules and punishment of defectors, although self-assembly has a greater effect.
This work is specific to artisanal fishing communities in Tañon Strait, Philippines, but provides an approach to solving questions managers have to make on a range of key issues that likely have big consequences on conservation outcomes. By combining interdisciplinary theory and methods, my dissertation highlights how social science can both integrate into and aid conservation efforts.